1. BiDil Prescribing Information

2. Isosorbide dinitrate Prescribing Information. Par Pharmaceuticals; February 2002.

3. Hydralazine hydrochloride Prescribing Information. Par Pharmaceuticals; June 2003.

4. Taylor AL, Ziesche S, Yancy C, et al, for the African-American Heart Failure Trial Investigators. Combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in blacks with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2049-2057.

5. Yancy CW. Heart failure in African Americans: a cardiovascular enigma. J Card Fail. 2000;6(3):183-186.

6. Dries DL, Exner DV, Gersh BJ, et al. Racial differences in the outcome of left ventricular dysfunction. N Engl J Med. 1999; 22:791-794.

7. Bourassa MG, Gurné O, Bangdiwala SI, et al, for the SOLVD Investigators. Natural history and patterns of current practice in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993;22(suppl A):14A-19A.

8. Thom T, Haase N, Rosamond W, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2006 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2006:113;e85-e151.

9. U.S. Census Bureau. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2000. 119th ed. Washington, DC: US Census Bureau; 2000.

10. Yancy CW. Heart failure in African Americans: pathophysiology and treatment. J Card Fail. 2003;9(suppl 3):S210-S215.

11. Rector TS, Cohn JN. Minnesota Living With Heart Failure® Questionnaire. Available at www.mlhfq.org.

12. Drexler H, Hasenfuss G. Physiology of the normal and failing heart. In: Crawford MH, DiMarco JP, Paulus WJ, eds. Cardiology. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Mosby; 2004.

13. Pierpont GL, Cohn JN, Franciosa JA. Combined oral hydralazine-nitrate therapy in left ventricular failure. Chest. 1978;73:8-13.

14. Massie B, Chatterjee K, Werner J, Greenberg B, Hart R, Parmley WW. Hemodynamic advantage of combined administration of hydralazine orally and nitrates nonparenterally in the vasodilator therapy of chronic heart failure. Am J Cardiol. 1977;40:794-801.

15. Food and Drug Administration. Orange Book. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/ob/docs/tempai.cfm. Accessed March 9, 2007

16. NDA 20-727: FDA Clinical Pharmacology/Biopharmaceutics Review: Submission Date: July 3, 1996

17. Münzel T, et al. Hydralazine prevents nitroglycerin tolerance by inhibiting activation of a membrane-bound NADH oxidase: A new action for an old drug. J Clin Invest. 1996;98(6):1465-1470

18. Hare JM. Nitroso-redox balance in the cardiovascular system. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2112-2114